Cryptocurrency purchase and broker services are platforms that enable users to buy and sell cryptocurrencies using a variety of traditional payment methods, including credit and debit cards, money transfers, Apple Pay, Google Pay or iDeal. The purchases are directly deposited into the user's wallet.

Crypto card issuers are companies that offer debit or credit cards (often together with Mastercard/Visa or partner banks) linked to a user's cryptocurrency wallet. These cards usually work by converting the cryptocurrency into fiat currency at the point-of-sale. They offer a convenient way for people to use their crypto across the world. These cards often have a loyalty program, where users can earn crypto for each purchase they make as reward.

Merchant payment services for crypto allow businesses to accept cryptocurrencies as payment for goods and services. These services typically provide merchants with tools to easily process cryptocurrency transactions and manage their crypto payments alongside traditional payments. Similar to traditional PSPs complementary services include analytics, compliance support and other cash management functionalities.

Crypto wallets are digital applications or devices used to store, manage, and access cryptocurrencies and other digital assets (e.g. NFTs). Within crypto wallets there is difference between custodial and non-custodial wallets.

Non-custodial wallets are decentralized wallets (e.g. Metamask) that allow users to store and manage their digital assets without relying on a third-party custodian to manage their private keys (access tokens) e.g. comparable to having a wallet with cash. Private keys are required to access and authorize transactions on a blockchain. However, as different accounts and blockchain systems have separate keys, it can get difficult for users to manage all those keys in a secure manner.

Finally, there is a difference between hot and cold wallets. Hot wallets are internet-enabled and online, allowing everyone to access them at any time with the right private keys. Cold wallets are offline and come in form of a physical device (e.g., USB stick), adding an extra layer of security.

Crypto wallets are digital applications or devices used to store, manage, and access cryptocurrencies and other digital assets (e.g. NFTs). Within crypto wallets there is difference between custodial and non-custodial wallets.

Custodial wallets are centralized wallets managed by a third-party who holds the private keys (access tokens) to the wallet on behalf of the user (e.g. comparable to an account at a bank). Furthermore, the wallet functionality is often seamlessly combined with services such as trading/exchanging cryptocurrencies. Users can store their cryptocurrencies in the wallet and trade them on the exchange without having to connect to a separate exchange application which offers user convenience and a simplified user experience. However, there is also a risk as the user must trust the entity to safeguard their keys, allow access and act fairly when it comes to trading and other activities ('not your keys, not your coins').

With decentralized exchanges (DEXs) users can trade cryptocurrencies (swap one crypto for another) and other digital assets.

These decentralized exchanges are platforms that operate with smart contracts on a decentralized blockchain network, allowing for peer-to-peer trading without the need for intermediaries or a central authority. DEXs enable users to retain control over their private keys and assets, providing a more secure and censorship-resistant alternative to centralized exchanges.

Application in layer 1 and protocol (smart contracts) in layer 2

Decentralized lending and borrowing refers to the alternative ways to issue and take out loans using decentralized finance (DeFi) protocols and digital assets. Users can lend their cryptocurrency assets to earn interest or borrow assets by using their own cryptocurrency as collateral, all without the need for a central authority or intermediary.

Application in layer 1 and protocol (smart contracts) in layer 2

Blockchain analytics provide insights on the usage and activity of applications built on top of the blockchain. These tools use machine learning algorithms and other data analytics techniques to analyze public blockchain transactions to identify patterns and anomalies and detect any suspicious activity such as money laundering, terrorist financing and other types of financial crimes. By doing so they help prevent fraud and boost regulatory transparency/compliance in the Web3 ecosystem. Furthermore, these tools can be leveraged by organizations to ensure regulatory compliance when interacting with Web3.

Stable coins are a crucial component in the Web3 ecosystem, as they serve as a bridge between the traditional fiat money system and the Web3 ecosystem. Stable coins are digital assets that maintain a stable value, typically pegged to a real-world asset like a fiat currency (e.g. USD) or a commodity (e.g. gold). They provide a way to transact in the decentralized Web3 world without the volatility associated with other cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin or Ethereum.

Speed and scale solutions are aimed at addressing the issue of slow transaction processing times and limited scalability in traditional blockchain networks such as Ethereum. These solutions use more efficient algorithms that enable blockchains to handle more transactions with some compromise on security or decentralization

Blockchain settlement solutions refer to the underlying technology and infrastructure used for the settlement of transactions on the blockchain network (settlement is the process of finalizing and recording a transaction). In a blockchain network, transactions are recorded on a distributed, transparent and immutable ledger. This network is maintained and verified by a network of nodes or validators, using complex cryptographic algorithms to make the network secure and prevent fraud.